Effects of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), isolated and in a formulated product, on the functional parameters of isolated rat liver mitochondria.

IF 2.6 3区 医学 Q3 TOXICOLOGY Toxicology in Vitro Pub Date : 2024-12-04 DOI:10.1016/j.tiv.2024.105984
L R F Polido, C A Miranda, D A França, F E Mingatto, L C Pereira
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引用次数: 0

Abstract

2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) is a widely used herbicide with known implications for environmental and biological systems. Previous studies indicate its potential to interact with cellular structures, potentially impacting cellular energy and metabolism. This study aimed to investigate the toxicological effects of this molecule on isolated rat liver mitochondria, evaluating both isolated and formulated 2,4-D to comprehend the differential impacts on mitochondrial function. Our investigations did not reveal significant induction of oxidative stress, mitochondrial swelling or impacts on mitochondrial respiration; however, exposure to both forms of 2,4-D affected mitochondrial membrane integrity and function in a concentration-dependent manner, notably impacting mitochondrial ATP levels and membrane potential. Comparatively, the formulated product showed toxicity at lower concentrations regarding interaction with membranes and ATP levels (from 0.4 μM on) and isolated 2,4-D showed toxicity at lower concentrations regarding membrane potential dissipation (from 10 μM on). Notably, the effects on ATP levels and membrane fluidity suggest interactions within the mitochondrial lipid bilayer. The findings highlight that excipients in the commercial formulation of 2,4-D potentially alter its effects, underlining the importance of evaluating not only active ingredients but also formulations.

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来源期刊
Toxicology in Vitro
Toxicology in Vitro 医学-毒理学
CiteScore
6.50
自引率
3.10%
发文量
181
审稿时长
65 days
期刊介绍: Toxicology in Vitro publishes original research papers and reviews on the application and use of in vitro systems for assessing or predicting the toxic effects of chemicals and elucidating their mechanisms of action. These in vitro techniques include utilizing cell or tissue cultures, isolated cells, tissue slices, subcellular fractions, transgenic cell cultures, and cells from transgenic organisms, as well as in silico modelling. The Journal will focus on investigations that involve the development and validation of new in vitro methods, e.g. for prediction of toxic effects based on traditional and in silico modelling; on the use of methods in high-throughput toxicology and pharmacology; elucidation of mechanisms of toxic action; the application of genomics, transcriptomics and proteomics in toxicology, as well as on comparative studies that characterise the relationship between in vitro and in vivo findings. The Journal strongly encourages the submission of manuscripts that focus on the development of in vitro methods, their practical applications and regulatory use (e.g. in the areas of food components cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, pesticides, and industrial chemicals). Toxicology in Vitro discourages papers that record reporting on toxicological effects from materials, such as plant extracts or herbal medicines, that have not been chemically characterized.
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