Can structure influence hydrovoltaic energy generation? Insights from the metallic 1T′ and semiconducting 2H phases of MoS2†

Abstract

Hydrovoltaic power generation from liquid water and ambient moisture has attracted considerable research efforts. However, there is still limited consensus on the optimal material properties required to maximize the power output. Here, we used laminates of two different phases of layered MoS₂ – metallic 1T′ and semiconducting 2H – as representative systems to investigate the critical influence of specific characteristics, such as hydrophilicity, interlayer channels, and structure, on the hydrovoltaic performance. The metallic 1T′ phase was synthesized via a chemical exfoliation process and assembled into laminates, which can then be converted to the semiconducting 2H phase by thermal annealing. Under liquid water conditions, the 1T′ laminates (having a channel size of ∼6 Å) achieved a peak power density of 2.0 mW m⁻², significantly outperforming the 2H phase (lacking defined channels) that produced a power of 2.4 μW m⁻². Our theoretical analysis suggests that energy generation in these hydrophilic materials primarily arises from electro-kinetic and surface diffusion mechanisms. These findings highlight the crucial role of phase-engineered MoS₂ and underscore the potential of 2D material laminates in advancing hydrovoltaic energy technologies.