Impact of type 2 diabetes mellitus on mortality and recurrence of clostridioides difficile infection.

Abstract

Background: Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) is the leading cause of healthcare-associated diarrhea. The infection is associated with a high mortality rate and risk of recurrence. We assessed risk factors for death or recurrent CDI (CDI) in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM).

Methods: This retrospective cohort study was conducted at a single institution from 2019 to 2020. CDI was defined as a positive toxin assay for C. difficile. CDI was defined as a repeat positive toxin assay within ≤ 60 days of stopping CDI treatment. Logistic regression models were used to identify risk factors for CDI-related mortality, recurrence, and the combined outcome of mortality and recurrence.

Results: Of the 252 enrolled patients with CDI, 19% had DM. Only 49% of patients with DM fully recovered after the first CDI occurrence, whereas 69% of patients without diabetes fully recovered (p = 0.021); 23% of patients with DM vs. 17% of patients without DM had recurrences (p = 0.200); and 23% of patients with DM vs. 15% of patients without DM died (p = 0.169). DM was associated with mortality (OR 2.75, 95% CI 0.94-8.06) and the combined outcome (OR 2.10, 95% CI 1.05-4.18). Nosocomial transmission, immunosuppression, CKD, and age were associated with mortality.

Conclusions: Diabetes is associated with a worse prognosis in patients with CDI. Prevention efforts should be optimized in patients with diabetes by reducing CDI transmission and avoiding nonessential medications, such as PPIs or antibiotics when they are not necessary. [Figure: see text].