Electroporation of Sliced Human Cortical Organoids for Studies of Gene Function.

Abstract

Human cortical organoids have become important tools for studying human brain development, neurodevelopmental disorders, and human brain evolution. Studies analyzing gene function by overexpression or knockout have been instrumental in animal models to provide mechanistic insights into the regulation of neocortex development. Here, we present a detailed protocol for CRISPR/Cas9-mediated acute gene knockout by electroporation of sliced human cortical organoids. The slicing of cortical organoids aids the identification of ventricle-like structures for injection and subsequent electroporation, making this a particularly well-suited model for acute genetic manipulation during human cortical development. We describe the design of guide RNAs and the validation of targeting efficiency in vitro and in cortical organoids. Electroporation of cortical organoids is performed at mid-neurogenic stages, enabling the targeting of most major cell classes in the developing neocortex, including apical radial glia, basal progenitor cells, and neurons. Taken together, the electroporation of sliced human cortical organoids represents a powerful technique to investigate gene function, gene regulation, and cell morphology during cortical development.