Simultaneous analysis of residual prohibited doping substances in foods using gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry†

Abstract

The continuous consumption of various foods increases the risk of unintentional exposure to residual contaminants. Thus, improving premonitoring procedures to ensure food safety is critical. Herein, a rapid and efficient assay was developed to monitor residual contaminants in food, with a focus on banned doping substances. First, 73 doping compounds, including anabolic agents that can be ingested from food were selected, after which a gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) method was developed for their simultaneous screening. Based on the GC-MS/MS-determined food-matrix characteristics and types, a sample-preparation module was developed to optimize the sample-preparation method. Thereafter, the developed analytical method was validated using representative food matrices, and the results confirmed that the developed method obtained good recoveries (80–123% (limit of quantification: 0.01–20 μg kg⁻¹)). To monitor residual doping substances in commercially available foods, the established method was applied to the analysis of 40 food samples, including meat. Notably, endogenous hormones, such as testosterone, nandrolone, 19-norandrosterone, and 19-noretiocholanolone, were detected in the meat samples, although they did not exceed the maximum residue limits. This approach enables the assessment of potential exposure levels to food-borne endogenous hormones, thereby supporting food safety and preventing unintentional doping incidents in athletes.