Deep phenotyping obesity using EHR data: Promise, Challenges, and Future Directions.

Abstract

Obesity affects approximately 34% of adults and 15-20% of children and adolescents in the U.S, and poses significant economic and psychosocial burdens. Due to the multifaceted nature of obesity, currently patient responses to any single anti-obesity medication (AOM) vary significantly, highlighting the need for developing approaches to obesity deep phenotyping and associated precision medicine. While recent advancement in classical phenotyping-guided pharmacotherapies have shown clinical value, they are less embraced by healthcare providers within the precision medicine framework, primarily due to their operational complexity and lack of granularity. From this perspective, several recent review articles highlighted the importance of obesity deep phenotyping for personalized precision medicine. In view of the established role of electronic health record (EHR) as an important data source for clinical phenotypings, we offer an in-depth analysis of the commonly available data elements from obesity patients prior to pharmacotherapy. We also experimented with a multi-modal longitudinal deep autoencoder to explore the feasibility, data requirements, clustering patterns, and challenges associated with EHR-based obesity deep phenotyping. Our analysis indicates at least nine clusters, among which five have distinct explainable clinical relevance. Further research within larger independent cohorts to validate the reproducibility, uncover more detailed substructures and corresponding treatment response is warranted.

Background: Obesity affects approximately 40% of adults and 15-20% of children and adolescents in the U.S, and poses significant economic and psychosocial burdens. Currently, patient responses to any single anti-obesity medication (AOM) vary significantly, making obesity deep phenotyping and associated precision medicine important targets of investigation.

Objective: To evaluate the potential of EHR as a primary data source for obesity deep phenotyping, we conduct an in-depth analysis of the data elements and quality available from obesity patients prior to pharmacotherapy, and apply a multi-modal longitudinal deep autoencoder to investigate the feasibility, data requirements, clustering patterns, and challenges associated with EHR-based obesity deep phenotyping.

Methods: We analyzed 53,688 pre-AOM periods from 32,969 patients with obesity or overweight who underwent medium- to long-term AOM treatment. A total of 92 lab and vital measurements, along with 79 ICD-derived clinical classifications software (CCS) codes recorded within one year prior to AOM treatment, were used to train a gated recurrent unit with decay based longitudinal autoencoder (GRU-D-AE) to generate dense embeddings for each pre-AOM record. principal component analysis (PCA) and gaussian mixture modeling (GMM) were applied to identify clusters.

Results: Our analysis identified at least nine clusters, with five exhibiting distinct and explainable clinical relevance. Certain clusters show characteristics overlapping with phenotypes from traditional phenotyping strategy. Results from multiple training folds demonstrated stable clustering patterns in two-dimensional space and reproducible clinical significance. However, challenges persist regarding the stability of missing data imputation across folds, maintaining consistency in input features, and effectively visualizing complex diseases in low-dimensional spaces.

Conclusion: In this proof-of-concept study, we demonstrated longitudinal EHR as a valuable resource for deep phenotyping the pre-AOM period at per patient visit level. Our analysis revealed the presence of clusters with distinct clinical significance, which could have implications in AOM treatment options. Further research using larger, independent cohorts is necessary to validate the reproducibility and clinical relevance of these clusters, uncover more detailed substructures and corresponding AOM treatment responses.