{"title":"Enhanced Reactivity and Electron Efficiency of Zerovalent Iron with Various Methods","authors":"Zhen Li, Jinhua Zhang, Jinxiang Li*, Jinyou Shen and Xiaohong Guan*, ","doi":"10.1021/acsestengg.4c0055610.1021/acsestengg.4c00556","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p >Over the past 30 years, various methods have been developed for enhancing contaminant removal by zerovalent iron (ZVI), thus accumulating a large amount of quantitative data including the reactivity (<i>k</i><sub>obs</sub>) and electron efficiency (EE). However, comparisons and relationships of the data are still lacking, which hinders the selection and development of ZVI enhancement methods for practical applications. In this review, a large number of <i>k</i><sub>obs</sub> and EE results are systematically summarized and classified into three types based on enhancement mechanisms: regulating iron (hydr)oxide films of ZVI (RIF), accelerating ZVI corrosion (AZC), and coupling of iron reactive species with ZVI (CIRs). Then, the comparisons of <i>k</i><sub>obs</sub> and EE by ZVI along with their enhancement multiples (referred to as <i>R</i><sub><i>k</i></sub> and <i>R</i><sub>EE</sub>) were conducted within the context of RIF, AZC, and CIRs. This review identified that in cases where ZVI exhibited low reactivity toward pollutants, it often possessed a high electron efficiency for pollutant reduction and vice versa. Moreover, there existed correlations between lg<i>k</i><sub>obs</sub> (lg<i>R</i><sub><i>k</i></sub>) and lgEE (lg<i>R</i><sub>EE</sub>) by ZVI with enhancement methods. These relationships suggest that when both the <i>k</i><sub>obs</sub> (<i>R</i><sub><i>k</i></sub>) and EE (<i>R</i><sub>EE</sub>) parameters are known, the other parameter can be predicted to some extent. Finally, this review discussed the effects of the solution chemistry and iron-related compounds on the <i>k</i><sub>obs</sub> (<i>R</i><sub><i>k</i></sub>) and EE (<i>R</i><sub>EE</sub>) by ZVI with enhancement methods in detail and outlined their potential research needs in future studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":7008,"journal":{"name":"ACS ES&T engineering","volume":"4 12","pages":"2874–2887 2874–2887"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4000,"publicationDate":"2024-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"ACS ES&T engineering","FirstCategoryId":"1085","ListUrlMain":"https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsestengg.4c00556","RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":null,"ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q1","JCRName":"ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
Over the past 30 years, various methods have been developed for enhancing contaminant removal by zerovalent iron (ZVI), thus accumulating a large amount of quantitative data including the reactivity (kobs) and electron efficiency (EE). However, comparisons and relationships of the data are still lacking, which hinders the selection and development of ZVI enhancement methods for practical applications. In this review, a large number of kobs and EE results are systematically summarized and classified into three types based on enhancement mechanisms: regulating iron (hydr)oxide films of ZVI (RIF), accelerating ZVI corrosion (AZC), and coupling of iron reactive species with ZVI (CIRs). Then, the comparisons of kobs and EE by ZVI along with their enhancement multiples (referred to as Rk and REE) were conducted within the context of RIF, AZC, and CIRs. This review identified that in cases where ZVI exhibited low reactivity toward pollutants, it often possessed a high electron efficiency for pollutant reduction and vice versa. Moreover, there existed correlations between lgkobs (lgRk) and lgEE (lgREE) by ZVI with enhancement methods. These relationships suggest that when both the kobs (Rk) and EE (REE) parameters are known, the other parameter can be predicted to some extent. Finally, this review discussed the effects of the solution chemistry and iron-related compounds on the kobs (Rk) and EE (REE) by ZVI with enhancement methods in detail and outlined their potential research needs in future studies.
期刊介绍：
ACS ES&T Engineering publishes impactful research and review articles across all realms of environmental technology and engineering, employing a rigorous peer-review process. As a specialized journal, it aims to provide an international platform for research and innovation, inviting contributions on materials technologies, processes, data analytics, and engineering systems that can effectively manage, protect, and remediate air, water, and soil quality, as well as treat wastes and recover resources.
The journal encourages research that supports informed decision-making within complex engineered systems and is grounded in mechanistic science and analytics, describing intricate environmental engineering systems. It considers papers presenting novel advancements, spanning from laboratory discovery to field-based application. However, case or demonstration studies lacking significant scientific advancements and technological innovations are not within its scope.
Contributions containing experimental and/or theoretical methods, rooted in engineering principles and integrated with knowledge from other disciplines, are welcomed.
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