Effectiveness of cognitive fusion transrectal ultrasound prostate biopsy when compared with final prostatectomy histology.

Abstract

Introduction and objectives: Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second most commonly diagnosed cancer in men. Cognitive fusion transrectal ultrasound prostate biopsy is one of several modalities for diagnosing this disease. However, no existing studies have shown the clear superiority of one image-guided technique over another. This investigation aimed to evaluate the efficacy of targeted biopsy through cognitive guidance, as well as to assess the accuracy of multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) in the detection of PCa compared to the specimen obtained by radical prostatectomy (RP).

Materials and methods: We conducted a retrospective observational single-center study approved by the ethical committee, including men with prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels between 2-10 mg/ml who underwent RP and cognitive fusion biopsy (CFB) between 2017 January and 2022 January.

Results: A total of 639 patients were analyzed, 83 of whom met the inclusion criteria and were enrolled in this study. The overall rate of PCa detection with CFB was 79.5% (median of specific PCa detection was 100%), and the rate of detecting clinically significant prostate cancer (csPCa) was 74.7%. In addition, there was 42.2% agreement between the International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP) score of the CFB and the RP specimen, which increased to 56.6% when the systematic biopsy was added. Regarding the accuracy of mpMRI, several parameters were evaluated with respect to RP sample histology. Of these, tumor location had a total match rate of 39.8% and a partial match rate of 55.4%. Moreover, regarding extraprostatic extension (EPE), the present study found a significant association between the RP specimen and mpMRI (p = 0.002), with an agreement rate of 60% if it was present in the histology and 79.5% if it was not. Additionally, larger prostates and tumors located in the transition zone were significantly associated with a lower CFB accuracy (p = 0.001 and p = 0.030, respectively). After adjusting for all variables evaluated, only prostate volume remains statistically significant (p = 0.029).

Conclusions: In this study, we conclude that mpMRI is highly accurate, allowing good characterization of suspicious tumors and reasonably guiding cognitive biopsy. However, the use of both targeted biopsy through cognitive guidance and systematic biopsy increases the diagnostic accuracy for PCa. Although there is no recommendation in the current literature for one guiding technique over another, we believe that cognitive-guided biopsy should only be reserved for centers with no access to ultrasound or magnetic resonance fusion software.