Prevalence of HPV in anal cancer: exploring the role of infection and inflammation.

IF 3.1 2区医学 Q3 IMMUNOLOGY Infectious Agents and Cancer Pub Date : 2024-12-18 DOI:10.1186/s13027-024-00624-0

Fatemeh Ebrahimi, Reyhaneh Rasizadeh, Sajjad Jafari, Hossein Bannazadeh Baghi

引用次数: 0

Abstract

Anal cancer incidence is rising globally, driven primarily by human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. HPV, especially high-risk types 16 and 18, is considered a necessary cause of anal squamous cell carcinoma. Certain populations like people living with HIV, men who have sex with men, inflammatory bowel disease patients, smokers, and those with compromised immunity face elevated risk. Chronic inflammation facilitates viral persistence, cell transformation, and immune evasion through pathways involving the PD-1/PD-L1 axis. HIV coinfection further increases risk by impairing immune surveillance and epithelial integrity while promoting HPV oncogene expression. Understanding these inflammatory processes, including roles of CD8 + T cells and PD-1/PD-L1, could guide development of immunotherapies against anal cancer. This review summarizes current knowledge on inflammation's role in anal cancer pathogenesis and the interplay between HPV, HIV, and host immune factors.

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HPV在肛门癌中的流行：探讨感染和炎症的作用。

肛门癌的发病率正在全球上升，主要是由人乳头瘤病毒（HPV）感染引起的。HPV，特别是高危型16和18，被认为是肛门鳞状细胞癌的必要原因。某些人群，如艾滋病毒感染者、男男性行为者、炎症性肠病患者、吸烟者和免疫力低下者面临更高的风险。慢性炎症通过涉及PD-1/PD-L1轴的途径促进病毒持久性、细胞转化和免疫逃避。HIV合并感染通过损害免疫监视和上皮完整性而进一步增加风险，同时促进HPV癌基因表达。了解这些炎症过程，包括CD8 + T细胞和PD-1/PD-L1的作用，可以指导针对肛门癌的免疫疗法的发展。本文综述了炎症在肛门癌发病机制中的作用以及HPV、HIV和宿主免疫因子之间的相互作用。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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来源期刊

Infectious Agents and Cancer ONCOLOGY-IMMUNOLOGY

CiteScore

5.80

自引率

2.70%

发文量

期刊介绍： Infectious Agents and Cancer is an open access, peer-reviewed online journal that encompasses all aspects of basic, clinical, epidemiological and translational research providing an insight into the association between chronic infections and cancer. The journal welcomes submissions in the pathogen-related cancer areas and other related topics, in particular: • HPV and anogenital cancers, as well as head and neck cancers; • EBV and Burkitt lymphoma; • HCV/HBV and hepatocellular carcinoma as well as lymphoproliferative diseases; • HHV8 and Kaposi sarcoma; • HTLV and leukemia; • Cancers in Low- and Middle-income countries. The link between infection and cancer has become well established over the past 50 years, and infection-associated cancer contribute up to 16% of cancers in developed countries and 33% in less developed countries. Preventive vaccines have been developed for only two cancer-causing viruses, highlighting both the opportunity to prevent infection-associated cancers by vaccination and the gaps that remain before vaccines can be developed for other cancer-causing agents. These gaps are due to incomplete understanding of the basic biology, natural history, epidemiology of many of the pathogens that cause cancer, the mechanisms they exploit to cause cancer, and how to interrupt progression to cancer in human populations. Early diagnosis or identification of lesions at high risk of progression represent the current most critical research area of the field supported by recent advances in genomics and proteomics technologies.