Tattooing: immediate and long-term adverse reactions and complications.

IF 1.7 4区 医学 Q3 PUBLIC, ENVIRONMENTAL & OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH Arhiv Za Higijenu Rada I Toksikologiju-Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology Pub Date : 2024-12-29 eCollection Date: 2024-12-01 DOI:10.2478/aiht-2024-75-3921
Slavica Dodig, Daniela Čepelak-Dodig, Davor Gretić, Ivana Čepelak
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Abstract

Tattooing has become a popular global trend in industrialised countries, with the highest prevalence rates of up to 30-40 % in the adult population younger than 40 years. Common tattoo inks may contain heavy metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and primary aromatic amines, toxic if exceeding permissible limits. It is estimated that about 14.36 mg of ink is injected per cm2 of skin, at a depth of 1-3 mm. The injected pigment is internalised by neutrophils, fibroblasts, and macrophages or dendritic cells. About 60-90 % of the pigment is then transported to the lymph nodes via the lymphatic system and to other organs, such as the liver, spleen, and lung, through blood. Adverse reactions can be immediate (irritation, infection, inflammation of the skin), delayed (hypersensitivity reactions), and can result in long-term complications (fibrosis, granulomatous changes, systemic inflammation, and sometimes malignant diseases such as lymphoma). Pigments in tattooed skin can be identified by skin biopsy, chemical imaging, and histochemical and immunohistochemical analyses. Harmful effects of tattoo inks have been investigated ex vivo, in vitro, in vivo, and recently in silico. Studies in humans mainly refer to case reports, but there are no epidemiological studies that would evaluate the potential links between tattoos and cancer or other disorders. As the safety of people getting tattoos primarily depends on the quality of tattooing products, it is necessary to create a general regulatory framework.

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纹身:即时和长期的不良反应和并发症。
在工业化国家,纹身已经成为一种流行的全球趋势,在40岁以下的成年人中,纹身的流行率最高,高达30- 40%。常见的纹身油墨可能含有重金属、多环芳烃和伯胺,如果超过允许的限度,就会有毒。据估计,每平方厘米皮肤注射约14.36毫克的油墨,深度为1-3毫米。注射的色素被中性粒细胞、成纤维细胞、巨噬细胞或树突状细胞内化。大约60- 90%的色素通过淋巴系统运输到淋巴结,并通过血液运输到其他器官,如肝、脾和肺。不良反应可能是即时的(刺激、感染、皮肤炎症),也可能是延迟的(超敏反应),并可能导致长期并发症(纤维化、肉芽肿改变、全身炎症,有时还会导致恶性疾病,如淋巴瘤)。纹身皮肤中的色素可以通过皮肤活检、化学成像、组织化学和免疫组织化学分析来识别。纹身油墨的有害影响已经在体内、体外、体内和最近的硅中进行了研究。对人类的研究主要参考病例报告,但没有流行病学研究来评估纹身与癌症或其他疾病之间的潜在联系。由于人们纹身的安全主要取决于纹身产品的质量,因此有必要建立一个通用的监管框架。
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来源期刊
Arhiv Za Higijenu Rada I Toksikologiju-Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology
Arhiv Za Higijenu Rada I Toksikologiju-Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology PUBLIC, ENVIRONMENTAL & OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH-TOXICOLOGY
CiteScore
3.50
自引率
4.80%
发文量
26
审稿时长
6-12 weeks
期刊介绍: Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology (abbr. Arh Hig Rada Toksikol) is a peer-reviewed biomedical scientific quarterly that publishes contributions relevant to all aspects of environmental and occupational health and toxicology.
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