Prevalence of anxiety and depression in former elite athletes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

IF 3.9 Q1 SPORT SCIENCES BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine Pub Date : 2024-12-18 eCollection Date: 2024-01-01 DOI:10.1136/bmjsem-2023-001867
Adam Runacres, Zoe A Marshall
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Abstract

Objectives: To summarise the evidence regarding the prevalence of anxiety and depression in former elite athletes compared with the general population.

Design: Systematic review and meta-analysis.CRD42022347359.

Data sources: Five electronic databases (Web of Science, PubMed, MEDLINE, Scopus and SPORTDiscus) were searched from 1970 to 2023.

Eligibility criteria: Studies were included in the meta-analysis if they: (1) were written in English; (2) included male or female elite athletes that had been retired ≥1 year; (3) included a control group or population reference values; (4) reported the time-point prevalence of anxiety and/or depression; and (5) were of a retrospective, longitudinal or prospective, methodological design. A modified version of the Downs and Black tool was used to determine risk of bias.

Results: 37 unique studies including 24 732 former athletes (2% female) were included in the meta-analysis. The time-point prevalence of anxiety (prevalence ratio (PR): 2.08 (95% CI 1.57 to 2.60)) and depression (PR: 2.58 (95% CI 2.04 to 3.12)) in former athletes was over twice that of the general population. Subgroup analyses revealed former American football players and jockeys had the highest time-point prevalence of both anxiety and depression (PR: 2.24-2.88), whereas the time-point prevalence of depression and anxiety was not significantly different to the general population for former rugby players (PR: 1.13-1.30).

Conclusion: Our meta-analyses demonstrated the time-point prevalence of anxiety and depression in former elite athletes could be over twice that of the general population, with sport-specific differences evident.

Prospero registration number: CRD42022347359.

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前优秀运动员焦虑和抑郁的患病率:系统回顾和荟萃分析。
目的:总结前优秀运动员与普通人群相比焦虑和抑郁患病率的证据。设计:系统评价和荟萃分析。crd42022347359。数据来源:检索1970 - 2023年的5个电子数据库(Web of Science、PubMed、MEDLINE、Scopus和SPORTDiscus)。入选标准:符合以下条件的研究被纳入meta分析:(1)以英文撰写;(2)包括退役≥1年的男女优秀运动员;(3)纳入对照组或人群参考值;(4)报告焦虑和/或抑郁的时间点患病率;(5)采用回顾性、纵向或前瞻性的方法设计。一个改良版的Downs和Black工具被用来确定偏差风险。结果:37项独特的研究,包括24732名前运动员(2%为女性)被纳入meta分析。前运动员的焦虑(患病率比(PR): 2.08 (95% CI 1.57 ~ 2.60))和抑郁(PR: 2.58 (95% CI 2.04 ~ 3.12))的时间点患病率是一般人群的两倍多。亚组分析显示,前美式橄榄球运动员和骑师的焦虑和抑郁的时间点患病率最高(PR: 2.24-2.88),而前橄榄球运动员的抑郁和焦虑的时间点患病率与一般人群无显著差异(PR: 1.13-1.30)。结论:我们的荟萃分析表明,前优秀运动员的焦虑和抑郁的时间点患病率可能是一般人群的两倍以上,运动特异性差异明显。普洛斯彼罗注册号:CRD42022347359。
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来源期刊
CiteScore
7.10
自引率
4.20%
发文量
106
审稿时长
20 weeks
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