From Genetics to Psychosocial Functioning: Unraveling the Mediating Roles of Cognitive Reserve, Cognition, and Negative Symptoms in First-Episode Psychosis.

Abstract

Background: Studies have shown associations between polygenic risk scores for educational attainment (PRS_EA), cognitive reserve (CR), cognition, negative symptoms (NS), and psychosocial functioning in first-episode psychosis (FEP). However, their specific interactions remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate the mediating roles of CR, cognition, and NS in the relationship between PRS_EA and psychosocial functioning one year after a FEP. Additionally, we sought to explore the impact of two NS subtypes on this relationship: diminished Expression (EXP-NS) and Motivation and Pleasure (MAP-NS).

Methods: A total of 138 FEP participants, predominantly male (70%), with a mean age of 24.77 years (SD = 5.29), underwent genetic, clinical, and cognitive assessments two months after study enrollment. Functioning evaluation followed at one-year follow-up. To investigate the mediating role of CR, cognition, and NS in the relationship between PRS_EA and functioning, a serial mediation model was employed. Two further mediation models were tested to explore the differential impact of EXP-NS and MAP-NS. Mediation analysis was performed using the PROCESS macro version 4.1 within SPSS version 26.

Results: The serial mediation model revealed a causal chain for PRS_EA > CR > cognition > NS > Functioning (β = -3.08, 95%CI [-5.73, -0.43], p = 0.023). When differentiating by type of NS, only EXP-NS were significantly associated in the casual chain (β = -0.17, 95% CI [-0.39, -0.01], p < 0.05).

Conclusions: CR, cognition and NS -specifically EXP-NS- mediate the association between PRS_EA and psychosocial functioning at one-year follow-up in FEP patients. These results highlight the potential for personalized interventions based on genetic predisposition.