Prevalence and Cardio-Renal Comorbidities of Masked Hypertension: A Meta-Analysis

Abstract

Aim

The prognosis of masked hypertension is controversial. The aims of this meta-analysis were to determine the global prevalence of masked hypertension and to better understand its association with the risk of cardiorenal comorbidities and all-cause mortality.

Methods

We searched the PubMed, Embase (OVID), The Cochrane Library, WanFang Data, and CNKI databases for relevant studies published from inception until January 15, 2024. Cohort studies that reported an association of masked hypertension with the risk of cardiorenal comorbidities and all-cause mortality were eligible for meta-analysis.

Results

Twenty-six studies (with 129,061 participants) were included. The median follow-up duration was 7.38 years. The pooled prevalence of masked hypertension was 18% (95% confidence interval [CI] 15%–21%). Compared with normotensive individuals, those with masked hypertension had an increased risk of all-cause mortality (relative risk [RR] 1.64, 95% CI 1.32–2.04) and incident cardiovascular disease (RR 1.57, 95% CI 1.45–1.69). The results were similar regardless of treatment status and in multiple subgroup analyses. Masked hypertension was also associated with increased risks of cardiovascular mortality (RR 1.69, 95% CI 1.02–2.78) and composite renal outcomes (RR 3.57, 95% CI 2.32–5.50).

Conclusion

Masked hypertension is prevalent in adults and associated with increased risks of all-cause mortality, cardiovascular disease, cardiovascular mortality, and composite renal events.