Highly Sensitive One-Dimensional Photonic Crystal Biosensor for Urea Detection: Design and Analysis

Abstract

This study introduces a highly sensitive one-dimensional (1D) photonic crystal (PC)-based biosensor for detecting urea concentrations using a defect layer approach. The sensor is designed with alternating layers of BaF₂ and TiO₂, featuring a central defect layer filled with urea samples. Using the transfer matrix method (TMM), the transmission spectra were analyzed to detect urea concentrations ranging from 50 to 800 mM. This study examines the effects of varying layer thicknesses on key performance parameters, including sensitivity, Q-factor, FWHM, FoM, and LoD, successfully optimizing the sensor design. The results demonstrate a redshift in the defect mode wavelength with increasing urea concentrations, achieving sensitivities as high as 212.75 nm/RIU. Unlike conventional methods that require extensive sample preparation and lengthy analysis times, this sensor provides a rapid, cost-effective, and scalable solution. Its capability to operate near the pathophysiological range of urea in human blood makes it particularly suitable for medical diagnostics.