Accelerating Tumor Immunotherapy Through a Synergistic Strategy of Increasing Throttle and Relaxing Brake

Abstract

Tumor immunotherapy has been widely used clinically, but it is still hindered by weak antitumor immunity and immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). Here, a kind of simple disodium hydrogen phosphate nanoparticle (Na2HPO4 NP) is prepared to "accelerate" tumor immunotherapy by "increasing throttle" and "relaxing brake" simultaneously. The obtained Na2HPO4 NPs release a large amount of Na+ and HPO42‐ ions within tumor cells, thereby activating the caspase 1/GSDMD‐mediated pyroptosis pathway to achieve immune activation. Meanwhile, alkalescent Na2HPO4 NPs can further consume lactic acid through acid‐base neutralization, and regulate adenosine (Ado) metabolism via nanomaterial‐induced biocatalytic process to relieve two‐tier immunosuppression. Collectively, Na2HPO4 NPs effectively activate the antitumor immune process in vivo, and dramatically inhibit primary and distal tumor growth. This work will provide unique inspiration and strategy for the regulation of both positive and negative directions in immunotherapy.