Periorificial dermatitis in infants and preschoolers - a narrative review.

Abstract

Periorifical dermatitis (POD) is a papular, chronic inflammatory skin disease commonly seen in women in their 2nd to 4th decade of life. The major differential diagnosis is persistent acne. In children, POD is less common than in adults. In infants and preschoolers POD is rare. We performed a narrative review for POD in children ≤6 years of age. Diagnosis is clinical. The disease presents with monomorphic erythematous papules that usually leave a 1-2 mm Grenz zone around the red lips unaffected. Perinasal skin, nostrils and eyelids can be involved, while extrafacial manifestations are rare. The granulomatous subtype of POD is more common in small children that in adults. The most important differential diagnoses in children include atopic and seborrheic dermatosis, pediatric rosacea, juvenile acne, and cutaneous sarcoidosis. While topical macrolides, azelaic acid, and calcineurin inhibitors are often used in mild cases of adult POD, oral tetracyclines are the treatment of choice in more advanced cases. In infants and preschoolers, tetracycline should be avoided since they can affect the calcification (hardening) of the bones and teeth and lead to permanent discoloration of teeth. There are no randomized controlled trials for POD in this age group available. Topical metronidazole or erythromycin and oral erythromycin are most used. New drugs like JAK inhibitors are on the horizon.