Different social experiences drive the development of divergent stress coping styles in female swordtails (Xiphophorus nigrensis).

Abstract

Individual variation in stress coping styles is widespread and consequential to health and fitness. Proactive (bold behavior, low stress reactivity, low cognitive flexibility) and reactive (shy behavior, high stress reactivity, high cognitive flexibility) coping styles are found in many species, but the developmental forces shaping them remain elusive. We examined how social influences, specifically mating interactions, shape the development of adult female coping styles with a manipulative rearing experiment using El Abra swordtails, Xiphophorus nigrensis. We raised juvenile females in environments with different male reproductive phenotypes: coercive-only, courting-only, or complex (both coercive and courting males). At adulthood, we measured female stress reactivity (cortisol release following acute stress), boldness (scototaxis and open field responses), and cognitive flexibility (as inhibitory control in a detour task). Females raised in coercive and complex environments developed higher cortisol reactivity than females raised with only courtship. Stress coping trait correlations varied significantly across social environments producing different coping styles across treatments. Traditional proactive and reactive stress coping styles developed in the coercive-only environment with negative correlations between stress response and boldness, stress response and cognitive flexibility, and boldness and cognitive flexibility. Meanwhile, the courtship-only environment produced a negative correlation between stress response and boldness. We thus demonstrate that the relationship between stress response and boldness can be socially modulated. These findings suggest that developmental variation in social experiences can shape suites of traits with complex relationships; and that highly stressful social interactions, such as sexual coercion, can be a strong driver of stress coping styles.