Smart biomaterial gels for periodontal therapy: A novel approach

Abstract

Periodontitis, a chronic inflammatory condition of the oral cavity, is characterized by the progressive destruction of the supporting structures of the teeth. The pathogenic effects of periodontopathogens extend beyond the local periodontal environment, contributing to systemic health complications, thereby underscoring the need for effective therapeutic strategies. Current standard treatments, which involve mechanical debridement coupled with systemic anti-inflammatory and antibiotic therapies, are often associated with limited efficacy, adverse effects, and the emergence of antibiotic resistance. Recent advancements in localized drug delivery systems present an innovative alternative, offering site-specific targeting with sustained therapeutic action. Smart drug delivery platforms, designed to respond to the unique microenvironment of periodontal pockets, undergo physicochemical transformations such as gelation or controlled drug release, enhancing treatment efficacy. This review comprehensively explores the etiological and prognostic factors of periodontitis, critical diagnostic biomarkers, and an in-depth analysis of stimuli-responsive biomacromolecule-based gels. These systems are evaluated for their structural properties, biological compatibility, and therapeutic potential while addressing their limitations and barriers to clinical translation. By integrating insights into the interplay between material properties and biological performance, this review highlights the future role of these advanced delivery systems in overcoming challenges in periodontal healthcare. Such approaches aim to bridge the gap between bench-side innovation and bedside application, offering the transformative potential to enhance therapeutic outcomes and improve patient quality of life in managing periodontal diseases.