Multi-direct forcing immersed boundary method for modelling heat and mass transfer of dynamic particles in three-dimensional fluid–solid systems

Abstract

The direct forcing immersed boundary method (IBM) has been widely used for accurately modelling hydrodynamics and heat transfer of particle-laden flows. However, limited research has addressed the mass transfer process of particle-laden flows involving dynamic particles. In this study, we developed an efficient particle-resolved direct numerical simulation (PR-DNS) method based on the multiple direct forcing IBM, enabling high-fidelity simulations of fluid-particle interactions in three-dimensional systems. The accuracy of the method was verified in different scenarios, and the average computation error is maintained within 4%. Then the hydrodynamics, heat and mass transfer processes of dynamic particles are analyzed in the 3D drafting-kissing-tumbling process of two settling particles. Particle wakes were found to significantly affect heat transfer, with particles within the wake exhibiting heat transfer degradation due to temperature similarities with the wake. This novel approach offers a promising tool for modeling interphase heat and mass transfer in dynamic particle systems.