Dichloroacetate: A metabolic game-changer in alleviating macrophage inflammation and enhancing recovery after myocardial infarction

Abstract

Background

Dichloroacetate (DCA) has shown potential in modulating cellular metabolism and inflammation, particularly in cardiac conditions. This study investigates DCA's protective effects in a mouse model of myocardial infarction (MI), focusing on its ability to enhance cardiac function, reduce inflammation, and shift macrophage polarization from the pro-inflammatory M1 to the anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype.

Methods

An acute MI model was created using left anterior descending coronary artery ligation. Mice were assigned to four groups: normal control, MI control, MI + 50 mM DCA, and MI + 100 mM DCA. Cardiac fibrosis and injury were assessed through H&E staining. Cardiac function was evaluated via echocardiography, and serum levels of creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were measured. Inflammation and apoptosis were analyzed through immunohistochemistry, ELISA, western blotting, and flow cytometry in heart tissue and RAW264.7 cells. Additionally, macrophage polarization and relevant signaling pathways were examined.

Results

DCA significantly improved cardiac function in MI mice, evidenced by reduced myocardial injury and lower CK-MB and LDH levels. It also decreased inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β) and facilitated macrophage polarization from M1 to M2. Western blotting revealed that DCA inhibited iNOS and COX2 while enhancing Arg1 expression, alongside improved mitochondrial function and reduced apoptosis. Additionally, by injecting AAV-PDHK4 (pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase) into MI mice, we found that DCA effectively inhibited the progression of MI through the suppression of PDHK4.

Conclusion

DCA protects against myocardial infarction by enhancing cardiac function, reducing inflammation, and promoting macrophage polarization, likely through inhibition of PDHK4 and NF-κB pathways, positioning it as a potential therapeutic strategy for cardiac repair post-MI.