Management options for vascular anomalies in the distal extremities.

Abstract

Vascular anomalies arise during embryologic development due to errors in vasculogenesis. They are associated with sporadic or inherited mutations in receptors, growth factors or enzymes within various vasculogenic pathways such as mTOR, VEGF, and PI3K. Vascular anomalies have the capability to cause significant symptoms and disability, especially when located in the distal extremities. These symptoms often include local pain, swelling, and decreased range of motion and functionality of the affected area. This article intends to provide a concise overview of vascular anomalies in the distal extremities and their treatment options. The categorization of the vascular anomalies, key clinical features, diagnostic approaches, and potential significance of when they occur in the extremities and how that makes them unique are discussed. An overview of the six major management options used to treat vascular anomalies in general is reviewed in the context of vascular anomalies in the extremities, including observation, pharmacotherapy, sclerotherapy, embolization, cryoablation, and surgery. Each section discusses the role of the treatment approach and associated benefits and risks.