NOSH-aspirin (NBS-1120) inhibits estrogen receptor-negative breast cancer in vitro and in vivo by modulating redox-sensitive signaling pathways.

Abstract

Estrogen receptor (ER)-negative breast cancers are known to be aggressive and unresponsive to antiestrogen therapy, and triple-negative breast cancers are associated with poor prognosis and metastasis. Thus, new targeted therapies are needed. Forkhead box M1 (FOXM1) is abundantly expressed in human cancers and implicated in protecting tumor cells from oxidative stress by reducing the levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). Aspirin, a prototypical anticancer agent with deleterious side effects that has been modified to release nitric oxide and hydrogen sulfide is called nitric oxide-hydrogen sulfide-releasing aspirin (NOSH-aspirin, NOSH-ASA), generating a "safer" class of new anti-inflammatory agents. We evaluated NOSH-ASA against ER-negative breast cancer using cell lines and a xenograft mouse model. NOSH-ASA strongly inhibited growth of MDA-MB-231 and SKBR3 breast cancer cells with low IC₅₀s of 90 ± 5 and 82 ± 5 nM, respectively, with marginal effects on a normal breast epithelial cell line. NOSH-ASA inhibited cell proliferation, caused G₀/G₁ phase arrest, increased apoptosis, and was associated with increases in ROS. In MDA-MB-231 cell xenografts, NOSH-ASA reduced tumor size markedly, which was associated with reduced proliferation (decreased proliferating cell nuclear antigen expression), induction of apoptosis (increased terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling-positive cells), and increased ROS, whereas nuclear factor κ-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells and FoxM1 that were high in untreated xenografts were significantly reduced. mRNA data for FoxM1, p21, and cyclin D1 corroborated with the respective protein expressions and arrest of cells. Taken together, these molecular events contribute to NOSH-ASA-mediated growth inhibition and apoptotic death of ER-negative breast cells in vitro and in vivo. Additionally, as a ROS inducer and FOXM1 inhibitor, NOSH-ASA has potential as a targeted therapy. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: We examined the cellular effects and xenograft tumor inhibitory potential of NOSH-aspirin, a nitric oxide- and hydrogen sulfide-donating hybrid, against estrogen receptor-negative breast cancer, which currently lacks effective therapeutic options. Inducing reactive oxygen species and downregulating forkhead box M1 are plausible mechanisms contributing to decreased cell proliferation and increased apoptosis. NOSH-aspirin reduced tumor size by 90% without inducing any observable gross toxicity, underscoring its promising translational potential.