Lateral extra-articular procedures in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: Narrative review on current evidence

Abstract

Purpose

Techniques for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) have evolved over time, but residual anterolateral rotatory instability (ALRI) often persists, which can result in poor patient-reported outcomes and an increased rate of graft failure. The re-emergence of lateral extra-articular procedures (LEAPs), either lateral extra-articular tenodesis (LET) or the newer anterolateral ligament reconstruction, in combination with ACLR has changed practice significantly. Here we describe a literature review of ACLR and LEAPs, focusing on LET.

Methods

Studies describing anatomy, history, biomechanical and clinical studies, and current practice regarding ACLR and LET were searched in PubMed. Our current practice and future directions are also discussed.

Results

There is accumulating evidence supporting the effectiveness of LEAP in controlling ALRI and reducing the risk of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) graft failure. A number of cadaveric studies have shown that LEAP would help control ALRI in combination with ACLR. There are also several randomized controlled studies showing that addition of LET significantly reduces the risk of ACL graft failure. However, only a paucity of data about its long-term outcomes are currently available.

Conclusions

LEAP has had a great impact on our daily practice. However, indications, optimal ACL graft type, and long-term outcomes still need to be thoroughly investigated.