Rational Design of Bismuth Based Photocatalysts for Solar Energy Conversion

Abstract

Semiconductor photocatalysis makes full use of solar energy, serving as a potent tactic to solve the worldwide energy deficit and safeguard the environment. Bismuth-based photocatalysts stand out among various photocatalysts as a significant area, due to their unique crystal structure, favorable mixed electron band structure, diverse composition, and huge potential for solar catalytic conversion. This document reviews the rational design of Bi-based photocatalysts for solar energy. Recent advancements in diverse Bi-based photocatalysts such as Layered Bi, Bismuth element, BiVO₄, Bi₂S₂, and Bi₂O₃ are highlighted. Secondly, the synthesis strategies of Bi-based catalysts, including hydrothermal/solvothermal, chemical precipitation, and solid-state reaction, are summarized. Third, various structural regulation methods to improve the photocatalytic performance, including defect regulation, heteroatom doping, morphology, SPR effect utilization, and heterojunction construction, are systematically introduced. Additionally, a focus is given to the exclusive applications of Bi-based photocatalysts, including CO₂ reduction, water decomposition, N₂ fixation, NO_x removal, H₂O₂ production, and selective organic synthesis, followed by an introduction of advanced in situ characterization techniques of the Bi-based photocatalysts. Ultimately, the forthcoming obstacles are underscored, and a future outlook for Bi-based photocatalysts is anticipated. This review aims to offer detailed instructions for comprehensively understanding and logically crafting effective bismuth-based photocatalysts, while also encouraging novel ideas and advances in energy and environmental fields, contributing to the goals of green chemistry and sustainable development.

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