An FFT based chemo-mechanical framework with fracture: Application to mesoscopic electrode degradation

Abstract

An FFT based method is proposed to simulate chemo-mechanical problems at the microscale including fracture, specially suited to predict crack formation during the intercalation process in batteries. The method involves three fields fully coupled, concentration, deformation gradient and damage. The mechanical problem is set in a finite strain framework and solved using Fourier Galerkin for non-linear problems in finite strains. The damage is modeled with Phase Field Fracture using a stress driving force. This problem is solved in Fourier space using conjugate gradient with an ad-hoc preconditioner. The chemical problem is modeled with the second Fick’s law and physically based chemical potentials, is integrated using backward Euler and is solved by Newton–Raphson combined with a conjugate gradient solver. Buffer layers are introduced to break the periodicity and emulate Neumann boundary conditions for incoming mass flux. The framework is validated against Finite Elements the results of both methods are very close in all the cases. Finally, the framework is used to simulate the fracture of active particles of graphite during ion intercalation. The method is able to solve large problems at a reduced computational cost and reproduces the shape of the cracks observed in real particles.