Adel R. Alharbi , Amer Aljaedi , Abdullah Aljuhni , Moahd K. Alghuson , Hussain Aldawood , Sajjad Shaukat Jamal , Tariq Shah
{"title":"Enhancing Internet of Things communications: Development of a new S-box and multi-layer encryption framework","authors":"Adel R. Alharbi , Amer Aljaedi , Abdullah Aljuhni , Moahd K. Alghuson , Hussain Aldawood , Sajjad Shaukat Jamal , Tariq Shah","doi":"10.1016/j.jksuci.2024.102265","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The growth of IoT applications has revolutionized sectors like security and home automation but raised concerns about data breaches due to device limitations. This research proposes a novel substitution box and cryptographic scheme designed to secure data transmission in IoT devices like smartphones and smartwatches. The proposed research has two phases: (I) generation of a substitution box (S-box) which is proposed by dividing phase space into 256 regions (0–255) using a random initial value and control parameter for the Piecewise Linear Chaotic Map (PWLCM), iterated multiple times, and (ii) a new encryption scheme, which is proposed by employing advanced cryptographic techniques such as bit-plane extraction, diffusion, and a three-stage scrambling process (multiround, multilayer, and recursive). Scrambled data is substituted using multiple S-boxes, followed by XOR operations with random image bit-planes to generate pre-ciphertext. Finally, quantum encryption operations, including Hadamard, CNOT, and phase gates, are applied to produce the fully encrypted image. The research evaluates the robustness of the proposed S-box and encryption scheme through experimental analyses, including nonlinearity, strict avalanche criterion (SAC), linear approximation probability (LAP), bit independence criterion (BIC), key space, entropy, correlation, energy, and histogram variance. The proposed approach demonstrates an impressive statistical performance with key metrics such as nonlinearity of 108.75, SAC of 0.5010, LAP of 0.0903, BIC of 110.65, a key space exceeding <span><math><msup><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow><mrow><mn>100</mn></mrow></msup></math></span>, entropy of 7.9998, correlation of 0.0001, and energy of 0.0157. Furthermore, the proposed encryption scheme can encrypt a plaintext image of size 256 × 256 within one second which demonstrates its suitability for IoT devices that require fast computation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48547,"journal":{"name":"Journal of King Saud University-Computer and Information Sciences","volume":"36 10","pages":"Article 102265"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2000,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Journal of King Saud University-Computer and Information Sciences","FirstCategoryId":"94","ListUrlMain":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1319157824003549","RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q1","JCRName":"COMPUTER SCIENCE, INFORMATION SYSTEMS","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
The growth of IoT applications has revolutionized sectors like security and home automation but raised concerns about data breaches due to device limitations. This research proposes a novel substitution box and cryptographic scheme designed to secure data transmission in IoT devices like smartphones and smartwatches. The proposed research has two phases: (I) generation of a substitution box (S-box) which is proposed by dividing phase space into 256 regions (0–255) using a random initial value and control parameter for the Piecewise Linear Chaotic Map (PWLCM), iterated multiple times, and (ii) a new encryption scheme, which is proposed by employing advanced cryptographic techniques such as bit-plane extraction, diffusion, and a three-stage scrambling process (multiround, multilayer, and recursive). Scrambled data is substituted using multiple S-boxes, followed by XOR operations with random image bit-planes to generate pre-ciphertext. Finally, quantum encryption operations, including Hadamard, CNOT, and phase gates, are applied to produce the fully encrypted image. The research evaluates the robustness of the proposed S-box and encryption scheme through experimental analyses, including nonlinearity, strict avalanche criterion (SAC), linear approximation probability (LAP), bit independence criterion (BIC), key space, entropy, correlation, energy, and histogram variance. The proposed approach demonstrates an impressive statistical performance with key metrics such as nonlinearity of 108.75, SAC of 0.5010, LAP of 0.0903, BIC of 110.65, a key space exceeding , entropy of 7.9998, correlation of 0.0001, and energy of 0.0157. Furthermore, the proposed encryption scheme can encrypt a plaintext image of size 256 × 256 within one second which demonstrates its suitability for IoT devices that require fast computation.
期刊介绍:
In 2022 the Journal of King Saud University - Computer and Information Sciences will become an author paid open access journal. Authors who submit their manuscript after October 31st 2021 will be asked to pay an Article Processing Charge (APC) after acceptance of their paper to make their work immediately, permanently, and freely accessible to all. The Journal of King Saud University Computer and Information Sciences is a refereed, international journal that covers all aspects of both foundations of computer and its practical applications.