Left ventricular ejection fraction decline and cardiovascular events in suspected cardiomyopathy with excessive trabeculation: toward precision medicine

Abstract

Introduction and objectives

Defining the probability of cardiomyopathy in individuals with excessive trabeculation of the left ventricle (ETLV) is an unmet clinical need. Our aims were: a) to describe the incidence and predictors of left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) decline and its correlation with major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE); and b) to identify prognostic factors in low-risk individuals.

Methods

Retrospective multicenter study in patients with ETLV and suspected cardiomyopathy. Two endpoints were analyzed: a) LVEF decline (> 10% absolute decrease in LVEF with LVEF < 50% at follow-up); and b) MACE, a composite of heart failure, ventricular arrhythmias, systemic embolisms, or cardiovascular mortality. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance core-lab analysis was performed in low-risk individuals (LVEF ≥ 50% and negative late gadolinium enhancement).

Results

A total of 530 patients were included, with a mean age of 44 ± 19 years and 44% were women. The mean LVEF was 49 ± 16%. Over a median echocardiographic follow-up of 4.2 years, 29 patients (6%) showed a decline in LVEF. Late gadolinium enhancement (P = .004) and baseline atrial fibrillation (P = .006) were independently associated with LVEF decline. During a subsequent clinical follow-up of 3.8 years, 106 patients (20%) experienced MACE. Factors that remained associated with MACE after adjustment were baseline LVEF (P < .001), LVEF decline (P = .022), baseline atrial fibrillation (P = .001), and QRS ≥ 120 ms (P = .009). Among low-risk individuals, left atrial strain correlated with outcomes and distinguished subclinical cardiomyopathy from physiological excessive trabeculation.

Conclusions

In ETLV, a decline in LVEF predicts cardiovascular events beyond baseline LVEF. In low-risk individuals, left atrial strain defines the probability of cardiomyopathy. A comprehensive assessment might provide valuable insights for differential diagnosis and risk stratification in this population.