Is the heart rate dipping pattern associated with sleep quality during an ambulatory blood pressure monitoring? A cross-sectional study.

Abstract

Objective: The aim of this study was to characterize individuals with nondipping heart rate (HR) and to assess the association between that pattern and sleep quality during the night of an ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM).

Methods: Individuals who attended our Unit to perform an ABPM, from February 2022 to May 2024, were asked about clinical and epidemiological antecedents and responded two validated surveys, about sleep quality during the night of the ABPM and in the prior 30 days. Then, they were categorized according to the presence of a dipping in nocturnal HR (defined as a decline in average HR at night equal or higher than 10% compared with daytime values) as HR dippers or HR nondippers (drop in mean nighttime HR lower than 10% of diurnal mean) in order to compare the mentioned variables.

Results: One thousand two hundred and nine individuals were included. They were predominantly female (61.8%), middle-aged (median 50 years, IQR 36-60), overweight (median BMI 29, IQR 25.3-33.5) and had median ABPM estimates within normal ranges. In individuals without beta-blockers (n = 1107), HR nondippers had an adverse cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk profile, and no differences were found between HR dippers and HR nondippers concerning perceived good rest during the ABPM night (63.5 vs. 59.7%, P = 0.211) and usual sleep quality. The sensitivity analysis including beta-blockers' users (n = 102) was consistent.

Conclusion: A blunted dipping in mean nighttime HR identifies individuals with a high CVD risk profile and is not associated with bad sleep quality during the night of an ABPM.