Citronellol-functionalized natural silica: a biogenic approach for antifungal and antibacterial material applications.

IF 4.2 3区化学 Q2 CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Frontiers in Chemistry Pub Date : 2025-01-30 eCollection Date: 2025-01-01 DOI:10.3389/fchem.2025.1535787

Guillermo P Lopez, Leyanet Barberia Roque, Katerine Igal, Erasmo Gámez Espinosa, Natalia Bellotti

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Abstract

Introduction: New bioactive hybrid materials to prevent biofilm-induced biodeterioration are a significant challenge in indoor environments, where contaminants from microbial films compromise structural integrity and contribute to air pollution, posing health risks from prolonged exposure to biological agents.

Methods: For the first time, diatomaceous earth or diatomite (Dt) was functionalized with quaternary ammonium salt (QAS) and a biogenic compound, citronellol, to develop a bioactive hybrid material (Dt*QC). The hybrids obtained were characterized by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The antifungal and antibacterial activity were assessed by agar diffusion assay, and micro/macro-dilution tests.

Results and discussion: Characterization confirmed successful functionalization. TGA revealed organic contents of 50.9% with citronellol incorporation reaching 48.1%. SEM-EDS corroborated the incorporation of organic components. FTIR further verified the integration of functional groups while preserving the structural stability of the siliceous framework. Antimicrobial assays revealed a broader range of activity for Dt*QC. For bacterial strains, Dt*QC achieved a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 0.15 mg/mL against Staphylococcus aureus and demonstrated over 99.9% bacterial reduction, even at lower concentrations. This study highlights a novel approach to developing antimicrobial materials by functionalizing Dt with QAS and citronellol. Overall, these findings underscore the potential of Dt*QC as an advanced antimicrobial material for applications in coatings and preservation systems, offering a sustainable solution to prevent biodeterioration and microbial contamination.

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香茅醇功能化天然二氧化硅：抗真菌和抗菌材料应用的生物源方法。

在室内环境中，防止生物膜引起的生物降解的新型生物活性混合材料是一项重大挑战，微生物膜中的污染物会损害结构完整性并导致空气污染，长期暴露于生物制剂会带来健康风险。方法：首次将硅藻土或硅藻土（Dt）与季铵盐（QAS）和生物源化合物香茅醛（citronellol）进行功能化，制备具有生物活性的杂化材料（Dt*QC）。通过热重分析（TGA）、扫描电镜（SEM）、能谱分析（EDS）和傅里叶变换红外光谱（FTIR）对所得杂化物进行了表征。通过琼脂扩散试验和微/大稀释试验评估其抗真菌和抗菌活性。结果与讨论：表征证实功能化成功。TGA测定结果显示其有机含量为50.9%，香茅醇掺入率达48.1%。SEM-EDS证实了有机成分的掺入。FTIR进一步验证了官能团的整合，同时保持了硅质框架的结构稳定性。抗菌实验显示Dt*QC的活性范围更广。对于细菌菌株，Dt*QC对金黄色葡萄球菌的最低抑制浓度（MIC）为0.15 mg/mL，即使在较低浓度下也能减少99.9%以上的细菌。本研究强调了用QAS和香茅醛功能化Dt制备抗菌材料的新方法。总的来说，这些发现强调了Dt*QC作为一种先进的抗菌材料应用于涂料和保鲜系统的潜力，为防止生物变质和微生物污染提供了可持续的解决方案。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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来源期刊

Frontiers in Chemistry Chemistry-General Chemistry

CiteScore

8.50

自引率

3.60%

发文量

1540

审稿时长

12 weeks

期刊介绍： Frontiers in Chemistry is a high visiblity and quality journal, publishing rigorously peer-reviewed research across the chemical sciences. Field Chief Editor Steve Suib at the University of Connecticut is supported by an outstanding Editorial Board of international researchers. This multidisciplinary open-access journal is at the forefront of disseminating and communicating scientific knowledge and impactful discoveries to academics, industry leaders and the public worldwide. Chemistry is a branch of science that is linked to all other main fields of research. The omnipresence of Chemistry is apparent in our everyday lives from the electronic devices that we all use to communicate, to foods we eat, to our health and well-being, to the different forms of energy that we use. While there are many subtopics and specialties of Chemistry, the fundamental link in all these areas is how atoms, ions, and molecules come together and come apart in what some have come to call the “dance of life”. All specialty sections of Frontiers in Chemistry are open-access with the goal of publishing outstanding research publications, review articles, commentaries, and ideas about various aspects of Chemistry. The past forms of publication often have specific subdisciplines, most commonly of analytical, inorganic, organic and physical chemistries, but these days those lines and boxes are quite blurry and the silos of those disciplines appear to be eroding. Chemistry is important to both fundamental and applied areas of research and manufacturing, and indeed the outlines of academic versus industrial research are also often artificial. Collaborative research across all specialty areas of Chemistry is highly encouraged and supported as we move forward. These are exciting times and the field of Chemistry is an important and significant contributor to our collective knowledge.