Identifying major depressive disorder in older adults through naturalistic driving behaviors and machine learning

Abstract

Depression in older adults is often underdiagnosed and has been linked to adverse outcomes, including motor vehicle crashes. With a growing population of older drivers in the United States, innovations in screening methods are needed to identify older adults at greatest risk of decline. This study used machine learning techniques to analyze real-world naturalistic driving data to identify depression status in older adults and examined whether specific demographics and medications improved model performance. We analyzed two years of GPS data from 157 older adults, including 81 with major depressive disorder, using XGBoost and logistic regression models. The top-performing model achieved an area under the curve of 0.86 with driving features combined with total medication use. These findings suggest that naturalistic driving data holds high potential as a functional digital neurobehavioral marker for AI identifying depression in older adults on a national scale, thereby ensuring equitable access to treatment.