Advances in droplet microfluidics: a comprehensive review of innovations, morphology, dynamics, and applications

Abstract

Droplet microfluidics is a rapidly evolving area of research with significant implications in bioengineering, drug delivery, chemical synthesis, environmental monitoring, and micro-scale electronics manufacturing. Recent advancements in droplet generation methods, including the use of electric fields and acoustic waves, have been driven by related technological developments. These innovations have enabled the creation of droplets with a wide range of sizes, shapes, and compositions, opening new frontiers for droplet microfluidic applications. This study reviews recent advances in droplet formation within microfluidic channels, beginning with an overview of droplet microfluidics and followed by an analysis of the various techniques used for droplet formation. The paper examines the impact of channel geometry, fluid flow rates, and channel wall surface properties on droplet formation. Additionally, it discusses the control of microfluidic droplets and the diverse applications of droplet microfluidics. The study also analyzes the morphological changes of droplets in response to variations in different controlling factors and presents an overview of compound droplet microfluidics, highlighting its technological aspects and significance across various applications. The influential factors governing the dynamics of compound droplets and their respective effects are briefly reviewed throughout the study. In conclusion, the paper identifies the major challenges and opportunities associated with microfluidic droplet dynamics and outlines emerging areas based on this technology. Overall, it provides a comprehensive overview of recent developments in droplet formation within microfluidic channels.