An Appraisal of Environmental and Social Impact Assessment in Ethiopia: The Case of Mining Investments in the Benishangul-Gumuz Region

Abstract

Mining policy reforms in Ethiopia have led to increased investments in mineral-rich regions. However, there has been inadequate evaluation of environmental and social impact assessment (ESIA) practices related to these mining projects, particularly in the Benishangul-Gumuz Region (BGR). This study aims to assess the ESIA practices for mining investments in the BGR by examining public participation in the ESIA process, the mechanisms for ESIA implementation and monitoring, and the strategies employed by mining companies for environmental and social mitigation and enhancement plans (ESMEP). Utilizing a cross-sectional research design, we collected primary data from 162 households affected by mining activities through systematic random sampling. Additionally, qualitative data were gathered through four focus group discussions (FGDs) and twelve key informant interviews (KIIs). Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, while qualitative data underwent narrative analysis. The findings indicate low levels of public involvement in land allocation, ESIA processes, and decision-making related to mining investments. Furthermore, weak institutional monitoring has hindered effective implementation of ESMEP by mining companies. Consequently, affected communities face significant risks of adverse social and environmental impacts that threaten their sustainable development. To address these issues, the study recommends that the regional government establish robust institutions for monitoring and evaluating ESIA and ESMEP implementation, thereby ensuring accountability among mining companies and fostering sustainable development within host communities.