Catalytic difluorocarbene insertion enables access to fluorinated oxetane isosteres

Abstract

Skeletal editing of heterocyclic building blocks offers an appealing way to expand the accessible chemical space by diversifying molecular scaffolds for drug discovery. Despite the recent boom in this area, catalytic strategies that directly introduce fluorine into the backbone of small-ring heterocycles remain rare owing to the challenges of strain-induced ring cleavage and defluorination. Here we describe a copper-catalysed approach for skeletal expansion of oxygen heterocycles by reaction with a difluorocarbene species generated in situ to induce carbon atom insertion. The α,α-difluoro-oxetane products are potential surrogates of oxetane, β-lactone and carbonyl pharmacophores on the basis of their computed molecular properties and electrostatic potential maps. The utility of this approach is highlighted by synthesis of various drug-like molecules and fluorinated isosteres of biologically active compounds. Experimental and computational investigations provide insight into the mechanism and the unique role of the copper catalyst in promoting both ring-opening and cyclization steps of the reaction. Catalytic methods to introduce fluorine into the backbone of small-ring heterocycles are challenging due to the problems of strain-induced ring cleavage and defluorination. Now, a copper catalyst mediates insertion of an in situ-generated difluorocarbene into oxygen heterocycles, affording ring-expanded fluorinated pharmacophores. Experimental and computational studies provide insights into the mechanism.