Sustainable recovery of rare Earth elements from industrial waste: A path to circular economy and environmental health

Waste Management Bulletin Pub Date : 2025-04-01 Epub Date: 2025-02-17 DOI:10.1016/j.wmb.2025.02.004

Pranav Prashant Dagwar , Syed Suffia Iqbal , Deblina Dutta

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Abstract

Rare earth elements (REEs) play a vital role in digitalization and industrialization. Naturally occurring in bastnasite, monazite, and xenotime, REEs are primarily concentrated in China, Australia, and the USA, leading to dependence on secondary sources. Recycling REEs from industrial waste such as E-waste, wastewater, red mud, slag, and fly ash offers a sustainable, low-emission, and energy-efficient solution. Advanced methods, including bio-metallurgy, have optimized recovery, achieving 80–95% efficiency for elements like Yttrium, Cerium, Neodymium, and Thorium. However, improper handling of secondary REE resources poses environmental and health risks. This study comprehensively explores REEs’ role in sustainable industrial growth, evaluating traditional and advanced recycling technologies. It also assesses the ecotoxicological impacts of REEs and emphasizes safety measures. Additionally, the review highlights circular economy strategies for sustainable development, addressing environmental challenges while promoting efficient resource utilization.

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从工业废料中可持续回收稀土元素：一条通向循环经济和环境健康的道路

稀土元素在数字化和工业化中起着至关重要的作用。稀土元素天然存在于氟碳铈矿、独居石和xenotime中，主要集中在中国、澳大利亚和美国，导致对二次来源的依赖。从电子垃圾、废水、赤泥、矿渣和飞灰等工业废物中回收稀土元素提供了一种可持续、低排放和节能的解决方案。包括生物冶金在内的先进方法优化了回收率，对钇、铈、钕和钍等元素的回收率达到80-95%。然而，二次稀土资源处理不当会带来环境和健康风险。本研究全面探讨了稀土元素在可持续工业增长中的作用，评估了传统和先进的回收技术。评估了稀土的生态毒理学影响，并强调了安全措施。此外，该报告强调了可持续发展的循环经济战略，在促进资源有效利用的同时应对环境挑战。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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Waste Management Bulletin

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