Ternary composites based next-generation supercapacitors electrode material: Emerging trends

Abstract

The rapid advancements in energy storage and electronic applications have driven extensive research on conducting polymers, metal oxides, and carbonaceous materials due to their exceptional electrochemical and structural properties. Their unique physicochemical properties, such as high electrical conductivity, redox activity, and tunable surface chemistry, make them ideal candidates for supercapacitors, batteries, and sensors. Recent developments have focused on optimizing their synthesis, morphology, and hybridization to enhance conductivity, charge storage capacity, and long-term stability. Innovative strategies, including Nano structuring, doping, and surface engineering, have led to significant improvements in electrochemical performance. Furthermore, the integration of these materials into hybrid architecture has shown remarkable synergy, offering superior energy storage capabilities for supercapacitors and batteries. The CPs exhibit better conductivity and high theoretical capacitance but due to their cyclic instability, carbonaceous materials like graphene oxide are often reinforced with CPs. Still, the challenge of enhanced energy density cannot be addressed by binary composite and the need for ternary composite arises. Due to the outstanding specific capacitance of 100–2000 F/g with their redox activities the TMO are prominent electrode materials. This review highlights the importance of conducting polymers nanocomposites reinforced with graphene oxide and transition metal oxides in boosting electrical conductance, surface area, and charge storage ability of supercapacitors. Moreover, this review includes the latest literature and future opportunities in the emerging field of advanced electrode materials for supercapacitors. The review aims to offer valuable insights into the rational design of hybrid materials for next-generation energy storage technologies.