{"title":"Empirical Modelling based Optimization of Azo-dye Adsorption by Polyurethane Sponge Containing Sodium Alginate-TiO2-NPs for Small Scale Industry","authors":"Jamjam Waqeel, Shams Tabrez Khan","doi":"10.1007/s11270-025-07813-6","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Presence of azo dyes in industrial wastewater is an environmental and health hazard. The available removal methods generally are high cost and difficult to operate. This study optimizes Reactive Black 5 (RB5) adsorption process using polyurethane sponge containing sodium alginate and TiO<sub>2</sub> NPs (PSAT). The results show that Langmuir isotherm (R<sup>2</sup>-0.999) was best fitted isotherm and Elovich (R<sup>2</sup>-0.99) was the best fit kinetic model. The Central Composite Design (CCD) assessment guided by Response Surface Methodology (RSM) modelling was used to optimize variables (pH, initial dye concentration, and contact time) for dye removal. The ANOVA analysis of the results from 17 experiments suggested by RSM shows that all three parameters significantly affect the dye adsorption capacity. Under optimal set of condition (pH 7, initial dye concentration of 102.5 mg/L, and a contact time of 255 min) a maximum removal of 59.61 ± 2.26% was predicted by RSM, which in our experiment was found to 59.32 ± 2.36%. The R<sup>2</sup> value (0.99) of quadratic correlation established to calculate the optimum conditions were in good agreement with the adjusted R<sup>2</sup> (0.98). The adsorbent was thoroughly studied using TEM, SEM with EDS, and FTIR. It is concluded that PSAT can be used as a low-cost, and easy to use adsorbent for the removal of azo dyes from small scale industry wastewater.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":808,"journal":{"name":"Water, Air, & Soil Pollution","volume":"236 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8000,"publicationDate":"2025-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Water, Air, & Soil Pollution","FirstCategoryId":"6","ListUrlMain":"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11270-025-07813-6","RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q2","JCRName":"ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
Presence of azo dyes in industrial wastewater is an environmental and health hazard. The available removal methods generally are high cost and difficult to operate. This study optimizes Reactive Black 5 (RB5) adsorption process using polyurethane sponge containing sodium alginate and TiO2 NPs (PSAT). The results show that Langmuir isotherm (R2-0.999) was best fitted isotherm and Elovich (R2-0.99) was the best fit kinetic model. The Central Composite Design (CCD) assessment guided by Response Surface Methodology (RSM) modelling was used to optimize variables (pH, initial dye concentration, and contact time) for dye removal. The ANOVA analysis of the results from 17 experiments suggested by RSM shows that all three parameters significantly affect the dye adsorption capacity. Under optimal set of condition (pH 7, initial dye concentration of 102.5 mg/L, and a contact time of 255 min) a maximum removal of 59.61 ± 2.26% was predicted by RSM, which in our experiment was found to 59.32 ± 2.36%. The R2 value (0.99) of quadratic correlation established to calculate the optimum conditions were in good agreement with the adjusted R2 (0.98). The adsorbent was thoroughly studied using TEM, SEM with EDS, and FTIR. It is concluded that PSAT can be used as a low-cost, and easy to use adsorbent for the removal of azo dyes from small scale industry wastewater.
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Water, Air, & Soil Pollution is an international, interdisciplinary journal on all aspects of pollution and solutions to pollution in the biosphere. This includes chemical, physical and biological processes affecting flora, fauna, water, air and soil in relation to environmental pollution. Because of its scope, the subject areas are diverse and include all aspects of pollution sources, transport, deposition, accumulation, acid precipitation, atmospheric pollution, metals, aquatic pollution including marine pollution and ground water, waste water, pesticides, soil pollution, sewage, sediment pollution, forestry pollution, effects of pollutants on humans, vegetation, fish, aquatic species, micro-organisms, and animals, environmental and molecular toxicology applied to pollution research, biosensors, global and climate change, ecological implications of pollution and pollution models. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution also publishes manuscripts on novel methods used in the study of environmental pollutants, environmental toxicology, environmental biology, novel environmental engineering related to pollution, biodiversity as influenced by pollution, novel environmental biotechnology as applied to pollution (e.g. bioremediation), environmental modelling and biorestoration of polluted environments.
Articles should not be submitted that are of local interest only and do not advance international knowledge in environmental pollution and solutions to pollution. Articles that simply replicate known knowledge or techniques while researching a local pollution problem will normally be rejected without review. Submitted articles must have up-to-date references, employ the correct experimental replication and statistical analysis, where needed and contain a significant contribution to new knowledge. The publishing and editorial team sincerely appreciate your cooperation.
Water, Air, & Soil Pollution publishes research papers; review articles; mini-reviews; and book reviews.
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