The course of women's emotions from early pregnancy to the postpartum period.

Abstract

Background: Most studies on emotions in the perinatal period have focused on psychopathology, identifying groups of women with distinct symptom trajectories, but research on typical, normative changes in emotions across the perinatal period is scarce. This study examines typical patterns of emotions in low-risk, healthy perinatal population.

Methods: A prospective longitudinal study with 151 participants who completed emotion-related questionnaires (Positive and Negative Affect Schedule, Perceived Stress Scale, Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory) six times during pregnancy and twice in the postpartum. Linear mixed effect models were used to test whether maternal emotions underwent significant changes across the perinatal period and whether those changes are affected by child sex and parity. Nonlinear temporal trends were fitted by natural cubic splines.

Results: For all emotions, we observed significant nonlinear changes across the perinatal period. Negative affect and anxiety decreased and positive affect increased significantly from the first to the third trimester. Depressive symptoms showed a U-shaped pattern and perceived stress remained unchanged during pregnancy. Negative affect and anxiety increased significantly from the third trimester to the first postpartum week. After stratifying for parity, the increase in negative emotions with approaching childbirth occurred only in primiparae.

Conclusion: Low-risk pregnancy and the early postpartum period are associated with emotional changes which differ depending on parity. Health care providers should inform pregnant women about those common changes to help them develop realistic expectations and enhance their ability to cope with the demands of pregnancy and the early postpartum period.