Identification and characterization of a laterally transferred alternative oxidase (AOX) in a terrestrial insect, the dipteran Pseudolycoriella hygida.

Nadia Monesi, Guilherme Magre Fernandes, Felipe Berti Valer, João Vítor Cardoso Uliana, Vitor Trinca, Ana Elisa Caleiro Seixas Azzolini, Eduardo Gorab, Luciane Carla Alberici
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Abstract

Alternative oxidase (AOX) (EC 1.10.3.11) is a terminal oxidase in the mitochondrial inner membrane that branches the canonical electron transport system (ETS). AOX is ubiquitous in plants, frequently found in fungi and protists and presents a more sporadic distribution in metazoans. More recently, AOX has gained attention due to its potential application in gene therapy for treatment of mitochondrial diseases. Here we characterized the AOX in the basal Dipteran, Pseudolycoriella hygida using a combination of genomic analyses, molecular, functional and in vivo survival assays. AOX is a single copy gene that encodes three developmental stage specific protein isoforms. AOX localizes to the mitochondria in adult thoracic muscles, which present cyanide-resistant respiration that is sensitive to the AOX inhibitor salicylhydroxamic acid (SHAM). Both the cyanide-resistant respiration and AOX levels gradually increase during aging, but are not influenced by thermal stress. Thoracic mitochondria respire using substrates derived from several metabolic routes, such as pyruvate, proline, acylcarnitine, NADH and glycerol-3P, and present values of oxidative phosphorylation capacity ((P-L)/E = 0.70) and coupling (P/L = 4.35; L/E = 0.21). Adult flies exhibit a high survival resistance for SHAM-sensitive complex III inhibition. Together, our results demonstrate the presence of a functional AOX in a terrestrial arthropod and provide insights regarding AOX function in animals and evolution of respiratory systems in metazoans. Psl. hygida emerges as a natural and valuable model for comprehensive AOX research at the whole-organism level which complements models expressing the heterologous enzyme.

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替代氧化酶(AOX)(EC 1.10.3.11)是线粒体内膜上的一种末端氧化酶,它是典型电子传递系统(ETS)的分支。AOX 在植物中无处不在,在真菌和原生动物中也经常发现,在后生动物中分布较为零散。最近,AOX 因其在治疗线粒体疾病的基因疗法中的潜在应用而备受关注。在这里,我们采用基因组分析、分子、功能和体内生存试验相结合的方法,描述了基底双翅目伪翅虫(Pseudolycoriella hygida)中 AOX 的特征。AOX 是一个单拷贝基因,可编码三种发育阶段特异的蛋白质异构体。AOX 定位于成体胸肌的线粒体中,它具有抗氰化物呼吸作用,对 AOX 抑制剂水杨羟肟酸(SHAM)敏感。抗氰化物呼吸和 AOX 水平在衰老过程中逐渐增加,但不受热应力的影响。胸线粒体呼吸使用的底物来自几种代谢途径,如丙酮酸、脯氨酸、酰基肉碱、NADH 和甘油-3P,并呈现氧化磷酸化能力值((P-L)/E = 0.70)和耦合值(P/L = 4.35;L/E = 0.21)。成蝇对 SHAM 敏感的复合体 III 抑制表现出较高的存活抵抗力。总之,我们的研究结果证明了陆生节肢动物体内存在功能性 AOX,并为动物体内的 AOX 功能以及后生动物呼吸系统的进化提供了启示。Psl. hygida 是在整个生物体水平上对 AOX 进行全面研究的一个天然而有价值的模型,它与表达异源酶的模型相辅相成。
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