Recent advances in Biomass-Derived hydrochar for photocatalytic and electrocatalytic applications

Abstract

Hydrochar, a promising class of biomass-derived functional materials, is generally produced via hydrothermal carbonization (HTC). This material has gained significant interest due to its cost-effectiveness and environmental benefits. Utilizing hydrochar as a catalyst not only facilitates the valuable utilization of waste biomass and reduces material costs, but also mitigates environmental pollution and addresses energy crises. This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of recent advancements in hydrochar preparation, its physicochemical features, and its applications in photocatalysis and electrocatalysis. The first section provides a detailed overview of hydrochar synthesis routes from diverse biomass sources. Then the key parameters and processes involved in hydrochar synthesis, and structural characteristic of hydrochar were explored. The second section explores the utilization of hydrochar in photocatalysis and electrocatalysis, focusing on the advantages of hydrochar in organic pollutant degradation, hydrogen production, carbon dioxide reduction, and hydrogen peroxide generation. Additionally, the techniques and strategies to enhance the hydrochar’s catalytic efficiency were discussed. Finally, the future research directions of hydrochar in the field of catalysis was proposed.