Contemporary management of portal vein thromboses in patients with and without cirrhosis.

Abstract

Purpose of review: Portal vein thromboses (PVT) is a common clotting disorder that can be seen in patients with and without cirrhosis. There are no current clinical guidelines on management of portal vein thromboses in these two distinct populations given most studies are retrospective and comprised of heterogenous cohorts.

Recent findings: When evaluating PVT, patients must first be stratified into those with cirrhosis and those without cirrhosis. In addition, a novel nomenclature can help categorize specific PVT types and determine the need and response to anticoagulation. The management of PVT in patients with cirrhosis varies and is primarily dependent on whether the PVT is recent or chronic. In contrast, patients without cirrhosis are almost always anticoagulated to avoid complications of PVT. Direct oral anticoagulants, low-molecular weight heparin, and vitamin-K antagonists have all been used in patients with and without cirrhosis, without clear guidance on optimal treatment duration and surveillance.

Summary: Direct oral anticoagulants are increasingly used for patients with PVT though there is limited data on the safety and efficacy of these medications. The risk/benefit profiles of various anticoagulants must be considered when choosing a therapeutic anticoagulant. There are ongoing studies evaluating outcome measures of different anticoagulants in patients with PVT. Large, multicenter, randomized controlled trials may help elucidate the efficacy of anticoagulants on various outcome measures in PVT, including recanalization, bleeding, and survival.