Characteristics, Sources, Exposure, and Health Effects of Heavy Metals in Atmospheric Particulate Matter

Abstract

Purpose of Review

This review aims to explore the characteristics, sources, exposure risks, and health impacts of heavy metal (HM) pollution in atmospheric particulate matter (PM). The goal is to address how PM and HM pollution vary across regions, seasons, and particle sizes, as well as to assess the risks posed by exposure to these pollutants. To reflect recent advancements and emerging trends, only studies published since 2020 are included.

Recent Findings

Recent research highlights significant variations in PM and HM pollution based on geographic location, seasonal factors, and particle size. Urban areas tend to have higher concentrations of Zn and Fe in indoor PM, while rural areas experience greater increases in metals like Cu, Mn, Pb, and Zn. Outdoor PM pollution is primarily driven by traffic emissions, agricultural activities, industrial processes, and soil dust. In contrast, indoor PM pollution is mainly attributed to combustion, cooking, road dust, building materials, and metal smelting. Health risk assessments consistently show that children face higher non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks than adults, especially when considering all exposure pathways, including inhalation, ingestion, and skin contact.

Summary

This review concludes that HM pollution in PM presents significant regional and seasonal variability, with children at greater risk for both non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic health effects. The findings emphasize the need for more research into indoor air quality and the monitoring of highly toxic heavy metals, which will be crucial for improving public health assessments and mitigating the impacts of PM pollution.