Finite Element Analysis of Vertebral Augmentation Using Metal Stents Combined with Artificial Bone versus Polymethyl Methacrylate

Abstract

Background

With the increasing use of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) for vertebral augmentation, the complications caused by PMMA have also increased. In order to avoid the complications, metal stents combined with artificial bone are currently used in clinical practice for vertebral augmentation. We conducted finite element analysis on the biomechanical differences between metal stents combined with artificial bone versus PMMA on adjacent vertebrae and intervertebral discs in order to find whether metal stents combined with artificial bone have more advantages.

Methods

Finite element models of a functional spinal unit from T11 to L1 were created based on computed tomography data. The T12 vertebra was augmented using 3 different materials: 1 metal stent with artificial bone, 2 metal stents with artificial bone, and PMMA. The model assumed fixation of the lower endplate of L1. A 350 N follower load was applied at the center of the upper endplate of T11, with flexion, extension, lateral bending, and axial rotation under a 7.5 Nm moment.

Results

Compared to the PMMA augmentation model, the maximum von Mises stress within the augmented vertebra significantly increased with metal stents combined with artificial bone. Meanwhile, the augmentation materials in the vertebral body among the three models showed no significant difference. Furthermore, compared to the PMMA augmentation model, metal stents combined with artificial bone models exhibited reduced stress on adjacent vertebrae and intervertebral discs during flexion-extension and lateral bending. No significant biomechanical differences were observed between 1 or 2 metal stents combined with artificial bone models.

Conclusions

Metal stents combined with artificial bone and PMMA can enhance the strength and rigidity of the augmented vertebra, aiding reconstruction of vertebral function. Metal stents combined with artificial bone offer biomechanical advantages over PMMA for adjacent vertebrae and intervertebral discs.