Prevalence and Correlates of Probable Anxiety and Depression among U.S. Individuals with Long COVID.

Abstract

Background: The enduring repercussions of long COVID have emerged as a distinct health concern, encompassing both physical and mental health challenges, such as symptoms indicative of anxiety and depression.

Aims of the study: This study primarily aims to assess the prevalence of mental health issues among individuals in the United States grappling with long COVID. Additionally, it seeks to quantify the correlations between long COVID and both probable anxiety and probable depression. The research also endeavors to unravel socio-economic mechanisms contributing to these correlations and explore potential disparities in these associations.

Methods: Utilizing a nationally representative dataset from the Household Pulse Survey, this study employs the probit model to investigate the associations between long COVID and probable anxiety as well as probable depression. To ensure robustness, complementary techniques, including alternative models and measures, are employed. A mechanism analysis is incorporated to identify socio-economic mediators that contribute to probable anxiety and depression in individuals with long COVID. Subgroup analyses explore variations in these associations across diverse groups.

Results: Individuals with long COVID show a significantly higher prevalence of probable anxiety and depression compared to those without the condition. Through alternative techniques, the study confirms a significant correlation between long COVID and an increased likelihood of both probable anxiety and probable depression. Socio-economic mediators, specifically expense difficulty and concerns about job loss, significantly contribute to these associations. Additionally, females, individuals under 30, Hispanic individuals, non-Hispanic Black individuals, and those with disabilities are more likely to experience mental health challenges when dealing with long COVID.

Discussion: The results offer quantitative evidence of a significant correlation between long COVID and mental health issues, emphasizing the critical need to address the challenges associated with prolonged COVID-19 symptoms. However, the study's reliance on a cross-sectional dataset underscores the importance of future research incorporating longitudinal data for a more comprehensive assessment of dynamic changes in mental health.

Policy implications: This study emphasizes the necessity for specialized mental health support programs tailored for individuals dealing with long COVID. Policymakers should consider adopting financial assistance measures and advocating for employers to accommodate those facing long COVID. Targeted mental health support and outreach initiatives are crucial for addressing the unique needs of at-risk populations and communities, mitigating the adverse consequences of long COVID on mental well-being and facilitating a return to pre-COVID-19 health trajectories.