Pheochromocytoma-Induced Reversible Dilated Cardiomyopathy: A Case Report and Literature Review

Abstract

Pheochromocytoma is a rare, primarily benign tumor that arises from the chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla. It is known for causing excessive secretion of catecholamines, such as epinephrine and norepinephrine. This condition poses significant health risks due to its potential to cause severe cardiovascular complications, including hypertension, stroke, and various forms of cardiomyopathy. A 29-year-old woman with a history of diabetes mellitus (DM) and hypertension presented with symptoms suggestive of an infection related to an intrauterine device (IUD). However, persistent symptoms following the removal of the IUD and further diagnostic evaluations revealed dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) secondary to catecholamine excess, which led to the diagnosis of pheochromocytoma. This diagnosis was confirmed through comprehensive laboratory testing and imaging. The surgical removal of the tumor resulted in significant improvement in her cardiac function and the resolution of both hypertension and DM. This case highlights the importance of considering pheochromocytoma in the differential diagnosis of unexplained cardiac symptoms, particularly in young patients with hypertension. The varied clinical presentation can complicate the diagnosis; however, early detection and appropriate management, including surgery, can lead to complete recovery. This case also underscores the potentially reversible nature of catecholamine-induced cardiomyopathy when the underlying tumor is treated effectively.