Who Is Competing at the Elite Level? Exploring Impairment, Gender, and Nationality of International Blind and Partially Sighted Footballers.

IF 1.6 3区医学 Q2 REHABILITATION Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly Pub Date : 2025-03-06 Print Date: 2025-07-01 DOI:10.1123/apaq.2024-0101

Harrison K Leivers, Peter M Allen, Matthew A Timmis, Oliver R Runswick

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Abstract

Classification in para sports aims to create equitable competition. Footballers with vision impairments are allocated to one of three classes (B1, B2, or B3). This work aimed to understand the effectiveness and inclusivity of the current classification system. Visual acuity (VA) and/or visual field of male and female international footballers was extracted anonymously via the International Blind Sports Federation classification database. The analysis included 562 individuals. Footballers were predominantly male (88.26%); 11.74% were female. Only VA was used to classify 99.11% of footballers, and only 4.50% had visual field included in their classification. VA was nonnormally distributed for all three classes. Only 2.84% of footballers had a VA between 2.10 and 2.60 logMAR, suggesting that VAs in this range and/or visual-field impairment may disproportionately impact performance compared with other footballers within their classes. The current classification system does not appear to be inclusive or create equitable competition.

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谁在精英水平竞争？探讨国际盲人和弱视足球运动员的缺陷、性别和国籍。

残疾人运动的分级旨在创造公平的竞争。有视力障碍的足球运动员被分到三个班（B1、B2或B3）中的一个。这项工作旨在了解当前分类系统的有效性和包容性。国际男女足球运动员的视敏度（VA）和/或视野通过国际盲人体育联合会分类数据库匿名提取。该分析包括562个人。足球运动员以男性为主（88.26%）；11.74%为女性。仅使用VA对99.11%的足球运动员进行了分类，只有4.50%的足球运动员将视野纳入了分类。三个类别的VA均为非正态分布。只有2.84%的足球运动员的VA值在2.10到2.60 logMAR之间，这表明，与同班其他足球运动员相比，这个范围内的VA值和/或视野障碍可能对他们的表现产生不成比例的影响。目前的分类制度似乎没有包容性，也没有创造公平竞争。

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来源期刊

Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly 医学-康复医学

CiteScore

3.00

自引率

10.50%

发文量

审稿时长

>12 weeks

期刊介绍： APAQ is an international, peer-reviewed, multidisciplinary journal designed to stimulate and communicate scholarly inquiry relating to physical activity that is adapted in order to enable and enhance performance and participation in people with disability. Physical activity implies fine, gross, functional, and interpretive movement including physical education, recreation, exercise, sport, and dance. The focus of adaptation may be the activity or task that is to be performed, environment and facilities, equipment, instructional methodology, and/or rules governing the performance setting. Among the populations considered are persons with motor, intellectual, sensory, and mental or other disabilities across the life span. Disciplines from which scholarship to this aim may originate include, but are not limited to, physical education, teacher preparation, human development, motor behavior and learning, biomechanics, exercise and sport physiology, and exercise and sport psychology. Scientific inquiry may originate from quantitative or qualitative inquiry, as well as from multimethod designs.