Low carbon-containing refractories for advanced iron and steelmaking: Recent progress and perspectives

Abstract

Carbon-containing refractories with flake graphite are widely used in iron and steelmaking processes due to their excellent thermal shock resistance and slag resistance. In response to the growing demands for clean steel production, a low-carbon society, and efficient resource utilization, developing low carbon-containing refractories with enhanced performance has become increasingly important. However, reducing the content of flake graphite in these refractories can lead to a significant decrease in their high-temperature service performance, particularly in terms of thermal shock resistance and slag corrosion resistance. As a result, considerable efforts have been made over the past two decades to improve the properties of these refractories through the optimization of oxide aggregates, the combination of carbon sources, the modification of binders, and the incorporation of additives. This review presents a comprehensive overview of recent progress in low carbon-containing refractories, focusing on these four key aspects. Moreover, future perspectives are discussed, aiming to offer valuable insights for the continued development and application of these refractories.