Open and Endovascular Repair of Infected Femoral Artery Pseudoaneurysms in Intravenous Drug Abusers: Results from the Italian "IN-FEMS" (INfected Femoral Artery psEudoaneurysMs in Drug addictS) Multicentric Registry

Abstract

Background

Infected femoral artery pseudoaneurysms (IFAPs) are threatening complications of voluntary drugs injections (DI) in the groin. The purpose of this study is to report the results of open and endovascular repair of IFAPs in intravenous drug abusers (IDAs).

Methods

The IN-FEMS (INfected Femoral artery psEudoaneurysMs in drug addictS) is a physician-initiated, multicenter and retrospective registry of patients treated for native IFAPs between 2010 and 2023 in 18 different Italian Vascular Surgery departments. Primary endpoints included perioperative death rates, surgical reconstructions durability, major amputation rates, and reintervention rates. Additionally, antimicrobial activity (AMA) of different biological and synthetic vascular grafts was tested using agar plates seeded with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.

Results

100 consecutive procedures (94 patients, 6 with bilateral IFPAs) were included in the study. 2 groups were analyzed, they were as follows: open repair group (A, n = 83) and endovascular repair group (B, n = 17). The median age of the patients was 41.7 ± 9.2, with a high percentage of patients testing positive for drug-related infectious diseases (DRIDs). The most frequent surgical procedures included common femoral artery (CFA) reconstruction with a single straight tube (n = 24, 24.0%), followed by external iliac artery (EIA)–CFA bypass (n = 18, 18.0%). 8 patients were treated with arterial ligation (8%). 12 (12.0%) patients received a stenting of the EIA-CFA. Perioperative death rate was 2.0%. The overall survival rate after 48 months was 76.5% (standard error (SE) 0.06). A statistically significant difference in terms of grafts durability was observed among 3 subgroups of patients treated with open surgery with different conduits (autologous vein or cryopreserved allografts; pericardium or biosynthetic composite grafts; and prosthetic grafts, 78.4%, 80%, and 33.5%, respectively; log rank P = 0.024). Major amputation was similar for both open and endovascular groups (1.2% and 5.9%, respectively, P = 0.313). A significant difference was observed in terms of reintervention rates: group A showed a lower rate of reinterventions compared with group B (37.4% vs. 64.7%, P = 0.037). Microbiological evaluation showed that autologous great saphenous vein (GSV) and reinforced cryopreserved saphenous vein (CSV) present a strong intrinsic AMA compared to prosthetic grafts.

Conclusion

Endovascular repair appears to be a technically feasible solution that does not compromise the limb salvage rates; however, the reintervention rates are significantly higher in patients treated with endovascular techniques, which should be considered “bridge therapy”. Open surgery seems to be the safest and most durable solution to treat these complex cases. The use of synthetic grafts should be limited to those patients “without alternative options”, when autologous or biosynthetic materials are not available.