Advances in S100 protein family for gynecological malignancies.

Abstract

The S100 protein family comprises more than 20 structurally related members with diverse functions. These proteins regulate cellular responses by acting both as intracellular Ca²⁺ binding receptors and extracellular factors. Gynecological malignancies, characterized by tumors in the female reproductive system, like ovarian cancer (OC), cervical cancer (CC), and endometrial cancer (EC), cause significant harm to women's health. Dysregulated expression of certain S100 proteins is implicated not only in benign diseases but also in gynecological malignancies. Emerging in vitro evidence indicates these proteins play a key role in the occurrence and progression of such malignancies. Abnormal expression of specific S100 proteins contributes to malignancy progression by promoting proliferation, invasion, migration, and drug resistance. Furthermore, abnormal levels of some S100 proteins in serum and tissues are associated with diagnosis and prognosis, making them potential biomarkers. This review provides an overview of recent findings on the involvement of the S100 protein family in gynecological malignancies and explores their regulatory mechanisms.