Side Effects of Microdosing Lysergic Acid Diethylamide and Psilocybin: A Systematic Review of Potential Physiological and Psychiatric Outcomes.

IF 4.6 2区医学 Q1 NEUROSCIENCES Neuropharmacology Pub Date : 2025-03-07 DOI:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2025.110402

Stefan Modzelewski, Anna Stankiewicz, Napoleon Waszkiewicz, Kacper Łukasiewicz

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Abstract

Objective: Psychedelics are gaining renewed attention, especially through the practice of microdosing, where low doses are taken regularly. Microdosing lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and psilocybin is used by both healthy individuals and those with mental health conditions to improve daily functioning, reduce anxiety, and enhance mood and cognition. However, there is limited information about the side effects of this practice. This review aimed to collect and characterize the side effects of psychedelic microdosing.

Methods: We conducted a systematic review of original papers from PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus (accessed 03.08.2024) that reported side effects of microdosing LSD and psilocybin. Non-English papers, non-original studies, studies without typical microdosing doses, or those lacking descriptions of side effects were excluded. Our methodology has been developed in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. Because side effects were assessed heterogeneously in these papers, we did not perform a bias evaluation.

Results: We included 31 studies, 15 of which we classified as laboratory studies with higher quality evidence, and 14 studies with lower quality evidence, as well as 2 clinical cases. Side effects were typically dose-dependent, mild, and short-lived. Common adverse effects included increased blood pressure, anxiety, and cognitive impairment.

Discussion: This review is limited by the heterogeneity in reporting side effects and the short duration of many studies. Future studies should transparently and systematically present a description of side effects.

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来源期刊

Neuropharmacology 医学-神经科学

CiteScore

10.00

自引率

4.30%

发文量

288

审稿时长

45 days

期刊介绍： Neuropharmacology publishes high quality, original research and review articles within the discipline of neuroscience, especially articles with a neuropharmacological component. However, papers within any area of neuroscience will be considered. The journal does not usually accept clinical research, although preclinical neuropharmacological studies in humans may be considered. The journal only considers submissions in which the chemical structures and compositions of experimental agents are readily available in the literature or disclosed by the authors in the submitted manuscript. Only in exceptional circumstances will natural products be considered, and then only if the preparation is well defined by scientific means. Neuropharmacology publishes articles of any length (original research and reviews).