Carbon-Coated Urchin-Like Silica Nanospheres for Enhanced Photothermal Catalysis

Abstract

Photothermal catalysis represents a promising strategy to improve the sustainability of chemical transformations by integrating light and heat into a single process. However, materials featuring excellent harvesting and utilization of solar energy are still needed. Here, a photothermal catalyst architecture is reported, which is based on carbon-coated urchin-like silica nanospheres (KCC-1) decorated with Ru nanoparticles that maximizes light absorption and heat confinement. The composite material exhibits outstanding catalytic activity toward photothermal ammonia decomposition and CO₂ hydrogenation reactions, outperforming most traditional Ru-based thermal catalysts. The insulating nature of silica is hypothesized to help minimize heat loss via conduction, while its high surface area enables excellent metal dispersion. Additionally, the deposition of a carbon layer further enhances both photon absorption and light-to-heat conversion. Mechanistic experiments suggest the co-existence of thermal and nonthermal effects, with light playing a crucial role in facilitating the desorption of H₂ and N₂ from the surface of the catalyst. Overall, these results demonstrate that the rational design of catalysts combining effective heat insulators and broad light absorbers is crucial to optimizing catalytic performance in photothermal systems.